miércoles, 13 de junio de 2018

Viviana's Tips. Day 1. La palabra "shopping".

Viviana's Tip, Day 1.
¡Hola a todos mis seguidores!
Aquí va mi primera tip: la palabra "shopping".
La temática de estos primeros consejitos tienen que ver con esas palabras que usamos del inglés cuando hablamos en español y por eso creemos que sabemos qué quieren decir cuando aparecen en inglés. Pero...no siempre es así.
Ténganme paciencia: con el tiempo la idea es ir mejorando la calidad de los videos, hacerlos todos en inglés con subtítulos en español y/o inglés. Acepto sugerencias sobre qué programa/técnica usar para esto, así como cualquier otra sugerencia o pregunta.
Si querés que trate tus dudas en una próximia Viviana's Tip, ¡espero tus ideas!
Bye now!

jueves, 4 de octubre de 2012

PREPOSITIONS (1)



PREPOSITIONS


AT

·        for time of the day (at 9 o’clock); with some time expressions (at night, at midnight, at lunchtime, at sunset, at weekends, at the moment, at Easter, at present, at the same time)
·        At the end / beginning (of something)= at the time when something ends or begins (at the end / beginning of the month/course/concert)
·        Place: at the bus stop/door/window/top of the page/the traffic lights/ the corner (of a street)/the back or the front (of a building, group of people, etc)/home/school/work/sea/a party, a concert (an event in general)/the station/airport/Jenny’s house/the doctor’s
·        For places or events, we say we arrive at (a hotel/party/work)
·        At the age of/at a speed of/at a temperature of


ON

·        for time.  Days (on Monday) and dates (on May 6th).
·        On time= not late.  The plane arrived on time.
·        Place: on the wall/floor/my nose/a page/an island/a farm.  On the left/right/the first floor/the menu/a map/a list/a river/a road/the coast/the way to…/the corner (of a street)/the front or the back (of a letter, a piece of paper)/a bus, train, plane, ship, bycicle, motorcycle, horse
·        We say get on a bus, train, plane.
·        (be/go) on holiday/business/a trip/a tour/a cruise
·        on television/the radio/the phone/strike/a diet/fire/the whole/purpose

IN

·        for longer periods of time (in June, in winter, in 1980, in the 1990’s, in the past).  In the morning(s), in the afternoon(s), in the evening(s). BUT: ON Friday evening. In a few minutes, in three months.
·        In time=soon enough. I got there just in time for supper.
·        In the end=finally (opposite: at first).
·        Place: in a room/building/box/garden/city/country. In a line/picture/the world/a book/a letter/the corner (of a room)/the front or the back (of a car)/bed/hospital/prison/a car, a taxi
·        We say we arrive in (a country, town or city). 
·        In the rain/sun/the shade/the dark/bad weather /ink/biro/pencil/ words /figures /block letters/cash/love/my opinion

INTO

·        go into, get into, etc=enter (a room, a building, a car, etc)
·        we sometimes use in (instead of into): Come in (or into) the house.

TO

·        we say we go/come/travel/ get TO a place or event. Also, we say On my way to/a journey to/a trip to/welcome to.
·        We say “I’ve been to…(a place)”

BY

·        to say how to do something. By mail/hand/check/credit card
·        something can happen by mistake/accident/chance
·        we say by to say how we travel: car/train/boat, etc, and by road/rail/sea
·        we say something is done by someone (passive voice)
·        we say “ a play by Shakespeare”, “a painting by Picasso”
·        by=next to. Sit by me.
·        Inflation has increased by 100%.

domingo, 1 de enero de 2012

REWRITE EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE



Rewrite, using the words in parentheses and keeping the original idea.
(Answers at the end of this exercise)
Material elaborado por la Profesora Viviana Giménez ©

1. Canadians speak English and French. (are)
2. Alfred Hitchcock made the film “Psycho”. (by)
3. It’s a problem for me to work long hours. (stand)
4. People in Iran speak Farsi. (is)
5. José Hernández wrote our great Argentine classic, “Martín Fierro”. (by)
6. It’s not a problem for me to work long hours. (mind)
7. When I was a kid, I played soccer every day on the street. (to)
8. Dali painted amazing pictures. (by)
9. Very sophisticated cars are manufactured in Germany. (manufacture)
10. When I was a teenager, I went to a disco every Saturday. (used)
11. My apartment is so small! (wish)
12. José Saramago wrote many amazing novels. (by)
13. They use the rand in South Africa. (used)
14. There are not enough traffic lights in this city. (more)
15. When I was a teenager, I listened to my favorite CD’s every day. (listen)
16. “Jurassic Park” is a scary movie.  It starred all kinds of fabulous dinosaurs! (which)
17. Leonardo Da Vinci painted “Mona Lisa”. (by)
18. The Truman Show was a very popular movie.  It starred Jim Carrey. (that)
19.. Shakespeare wrote many wonderful poems. (written)
20. . Please, pick up your clothes now! (them)
21. Jim Carrey is a talented actor.  He starred in The Truman Show. (who)
22. They speak German in Austria. (is)
23. Please, put away your book now! (it)
24. I’m not happy with my job. (wish)
25. My brother and I collected comic books when we were kids. (to)
26. I played with dolls when I was a little girl. (play)
27. Now in China they export high-technology products. (exported)
28. Robert de Niro starred in many memorable movie classics. (by)
29.It’s not a problem for me to sit in long meetings. (mind)
30. Turn down the TV, please. (it)
31. I don’t have a car now. (wish)
32.You should take your credit card if your plan is to go shopping in Miami. (better)
33.They use the Euro in most of the EU. (is)
34. I use my computer for doing homework. (to)
35. For a trip to the beach, you’d better take sunscreen protection. (ought)
36. “I am not good at learning languages”.  “I agree” (neither)
37. It’s a big problem for me to commute to work. (stand)
38. Germans manufacture beautiful cars. (are)
39. “I don’t like commuting by bus”. “I agree”. (neither)
40. Take out the trash! (it)
41. For a trip to the mountain, you ought to take your hiking boots. (better)
42.You need to take your passport if you travel to the US. (must)
43. I don’t like my house: it’s too dark. (wish)
44. I use the Internet to send emails. (for)
45. I know very well how to use a computer. (at)
46. “I enjoy learning English”  “I enjoy learning English too.” (so)
47. Egyptians built Pyramids for their Kings and Queens. (by)
48. Koreans grow rice in warm areas of their country. (is)
49. I’m not a good salesperson. (at)
50. My neighbors are so noisy! (wish)
51. Anne’s new house has only one parking space. (enough)
52. My aparment is too cramped. (wish)
53. My parents’ house has only one window in the living room. (enough)
54. The Incas built Machu Picchu around 1400 A.D. (by)
55. In Brazil people speak Portuguese. (is)
56.The city should have more traffic lights. (enough)
57.Lisa wants to be more beautiful. (were)
58.Christmas is the anniversary of Jesus’ birth. (when)
59.I can’t use a computer! (good)
60.I don’t like working in the evenings. (stand)
61.Great Britain has a Prime Minister. (governed)
62: My doctor: “Exercise for twenty minutes every day.” (me)
63.My mom: “Don’t come back home late”. (asked)
64.The teacher: “I didn’t correct your homework because I was very busy last week.” (told)
65.Sally: “I can’t come to your party because I have to take my nephew to the zoo” (said)

ANSWERS

1. Canadians speak English and French. (are) English and French are spoken in Canada.
2. Alfred Hitchcock made the film “Psycho”. (by) The film “Psycho” was made by Alfred Hitchcock.
3. It’s a problem for me to work long hours. (stand) I can’t stand working long hours.
4. People in Iran speak Farsi. (is) Farsi is spoken in Iran.
5. José Hernández wrote our great Argentine classic, “Martín Fierro”. (by) Our great Argentine classic, “Martìn Fierro”, was written by José Hernández. / “Martín Fierro”, our great Argentine classic, was written by José Hernández.
6. It’s not a problem for me to work long hours. (mind) I don’t mind working long hours.
7. When I was a kid, I played soccer every day on the street. (to) When I was a kid, I used to play soccer every day on the street.
8. Dali painted amazing pictures. (by) Amazing pictures were painted by Dalí.
9. Very sophisticated cars are manufactured in Germany. (manufacture) Germans manufacture very sophisticated cars. / They / People manufacture very sophisticated cars in Germany.
10. When I was a teenager, I went to a disco every Saturday. (used) When I was a teenager, I used to go to a disco every Saturday.
11. My apartment is so small! (wish) I wish my apartment were big / bigger / more spacious /not so small.
12. José Saramago wrote many amazing novels. (by) Many amazing novels were written by José Saramago.
13. They use the rand in South Africa. (used) The rand is used in South Africa.
14. There are not enough traffic lights in this city. (more) There should be more traffic lights in this city / We need more traffic lights in this city.
15. When I was a teenager, I listened to my favorite CD’s every day. (listen) When I was a teenager, I used to listen to my favorite CD’s every day.
16. “Jurassic Park” is a scary movie.  It starred all kinds of fabulous dinosaurs! (which) “Jurassic Park” is a scary movie which starred all kinds of fabulous dinosaurs!
17. Leonardo Da Vinci painted “Mona Lisa”. (by) “Mona Lisa” was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci.
18. The Truman Show was a very popular movie.  It starred Jim Carrey. (that) The Truman Show was a very popular movie that starred Jim Carrey.
19. Shakespeare wrote many wonderful poems. (written) Many wonderful poems were written by Shakespeare.
20. Please, pick up your clothes now! (them) Please, pick them up!
21. Jim Carrey is a talented actor.  He starred in The Truman Show. (who) Jim Carrey is a talented actor who starred in The Truman Show.
22. They speak German in Austria. (is) German is spoken in Austria.
23. Please, put away your book now! (it) Please, put it away now!
24. I’m not happy with my job. (wish) I wish I had another job / I wish I were happy with my job / I wish I could change jobs.
25. My brother and I collected comic books when we were kids. (to) My brother and I used to collect comic books when we were kids.
26. I played with dolls when I was a little girl. (play) I used to play with dolls when I was a little girl.
27. Now in China they export high-technology products. (exported) High-technology products are exported now in China.
28. Robert de Niro starred in many memorable movie classics. (by) Many memorable movie classics were starred by Robert de Niro.
29.It’s not a problem for me to sit in long meetings. (mind) I don’t mind sitting in long meetings.
30. Turn down the TV, please. (it) Turn it down, please.
31. I don’t have a car now. (wish) I wish I had a car now.
32.You should take your credit card if your plan is to go shopping in Miami. (better) You’d better take your credit card if your plan is to go shopping in Miami.
33.They use the Euro in most of the EU. (is) The Euro is used in most of the EU.
34. I use my computer for doing homework. (to) I use my computer to do homework.
35. For a trip to the beach, you’d better take sunscreen protection. (ought) . For a trip to the beach, you ought to take sunscreen protection.
36. “I am not good at learning languages”.  “I agree” (neither) “I am not good at learning languages”.  “Neither am I”.
37. It’s a big problem for me to commute to work. (stand) I can’t stand commuting to work.
38. Germans manufacture beautiful cars. (are) Beautiful cars are manufactured in Germany.
39. “I don’t like commuting by bus”. “I agree”. (neither) “I don’t like commuting by bus”. “Neither do I”.
40. Take out the trash! (it) Take it out!
41. For a trip to the mountain, you ought to take your hiking boots. (better) For a trip to the mountain, you’d better take your hiking boots.
42.You need to take your passport if you travel to the US. (must) You must take your passport if you travel to the US.
43. I don’t like my house: it’s too dark. (wish) I wish my house were brighter / I wish I liked my house / I wish my house were not so dark.
44. I use the Internet to send emails. (for) I use the Internet for sending emails.
45. I know very well how to use a computer. (at) I’m very good at using a computer.
46. “I enjoy learning English”  “I enjoy learning English too.” (so) “I enjoy learning English”  “So do I”.
47. Egyptians built Pyramids for their Kings and Queens. (by) Pyramids for their Kings and Queens were built by Egyptians.
48. Koreans grow rice in warm areas of their country. (is) Rice is grown in Korea’s warm areas. / Rice is grown in warm areas of Korea. / Rice is grown by Koreans in warm areas of their country.
49. I’m not a good salesperson. (at) I’m not good at selling.
50. My neighbors are so noisy! (wish) I wish my neighbors weren’t so noisy / I wish my neigbors were more quiet.
51. Anne’s new house has only one parking space. (enough) Anne’s new house doesn’t have enough parking space / spaces.
52. My aparment is too cramped. (wish) I wish my apartment were bigger / more spacious / not so cramped.
53. My parents’ house has only one window in the living room. (enough) My parents’ house doesn’t have enough windows in the living room.
54. The Incas built Machu Picchu around 1400 A.D. (by) Machu Picchu was built by the Incas around 1400 A.D.
55. In Brazil people speak Portuguese. (is) Portuguese is spoken in Brazil.
56.The city should have more traffic lights. (enough) The city doesn’t have enough traffic lights.
57.Lisa wants to be more beautiful. (were) Lisa wishes she were more beautiful.
58.Christmas is the anniversary of Jesus’ birth. (when) Christmas is the day when we remember Jesus’ birth / Christmas is the day when we celebrate the day Jesus was born.
59.I can’t use a computer! (good) I’m not good at using a computer.
60.I don’t like working in the evenings. (stand) I can’t stand working in the evenings.
61.Great Britain has a Prime Minister. (governed) Great Britain is governed by a Prime Minister.
62. My doctor: “Exercise for twenty minutes every day.” (me) My doctor told me to exercise for twenty minutes every day. / My doctor asked me to exercise for twenty minutes every day. / My doctor said to me to exercise for twenty minutes every day.
63.My mom: “Don’t come back home late”. (asked) My mom asked me not to come back home late.
64.The teacher: “I didn’t correct your homework because I was very busy last week.”(told) The teacher told us that she hadn’t corrected our homework because she had been very busy last week.
65.Sally: “I can’t come to your party because I have to take my nephew to the zoo” (said) Sally said she couldn’t come to my party because she had to take her nephew to the zoo.









REVIEW EXERCISES




REVIEW OF INTERCHANGE 2 (Material elaborado por la Prof. Viviana Giménez)
Review Unit 1

- What are the Simple Past forms of these?

AM      ARE    IS

What is the infinitive of this verb? TO ...........

- What are the Simple Past forms of these?

MOVE
TAKE

* Conclusion: “move” is a .................... verb because the ending is ......... “Take” is an ....................verb. You never know the Simple Past form of an .................... verb, except when you study it! If you forget, you can find it in the ....................column.

- Other examples of verbs like “move”:

- Other examples of verbs like “take”:

- These are examples, using the past of BE, of:
An affirmative sentence:
A negative sentence:
A yes/no question:
A short answer (affirmative and negative):
A wh- question:
- These are examples, using the past of any other verb except BE, of:
An affirmative sentence:
A negative sentence:
A yes/no question:
A short answer (affirmative and negative):
A wh- question:

* How can you express a habitual action in the past? Complete, with the two possibilities you have for the second blank.

When I .................... (be) a child, I ....................(collect) comic books.

* Conclusion: I can express habitual action in the past with ....................+ infinitive, or with the ....................tense.

Discussion questions: Discuss the following questions with your partner. 1. Where were you born? 2. Did you grow up there or did you move? 3. Did you use to collect anything? 4.Were you a good student in elementary school / high school? 5. What were your favorite subjects? (for eg., Math, History) 6. What subjects didn’t you like? 7. What did you use to play when you were a child? 8. What clothes did you use to wear when you were a teenager? 9. Who was your hero when you were a child? 10. What was your favorite possession when you were a kid?
Review of Unit 2

Countable or uncountable nouns? Put them in the right group:

police officers – pollution – noise – public transportation – subways – subway lines – parking – parking space – parking spaces – parking garages - traffic – traffic jams – cars – highways – street lights - crime

- Use the following words with TOO MANY/TOO MUCH, FEWER/LESS, MORE and ENOUGH to talk about the problems in your city.

Review of Unit 3

WISH

We use WISH+ .................. when we are not happy about a present situation.  For example:
I wish I ..................(have) a bigger apartment.
I wish life .......................(*be) easier.

*After wish, the plural form of this verb is always used

We use WISH+ .................. when we want something to happen or when we want somebody to do something.  For example:
I wish my parents .......................... (stop) worrying about me so much.


Review of Unit 4

Put the verbs in the correct tense.  Then, circle the correct answer in the rule below.

Marianne: .................................(ever-try) feijoada?
Lee: Yes, I .......................... I ..........................(eat) that last month when I .....................
(visit) Rio.
Marianne: ..........................(you-like) it?
Lee: Yes, I ..........................(think) it ..........................(be) delicious!



Circle the correct answer:
Use the Simple Past / Present Perfect for actions that are finished in the past at a definite time in the past. Use the Simple Past / Present Perfect for events when time is not mentioned, understood or finished.

Right or wrong?
1. I have never eaten Korean food.
2. I didn’t try ceviche when I was in Peru.
3. Have you ever eaten fried bananas?
4. I never tried Thai food.
5. I went to a vegetarian restaurant last night with some of my friends.
6. Have you been on a diet this year?
7. Have you been on a diet last month?

Review of Unit 5
Read the conversation below and underline the future forms.

Sheila: What are you going to do this summer?
Nadine: I don’t know. I suppose I’ll just stay home. Maybe I’ll drive to the beach on weekends.
Sheila: Well, why don’t you come to my parents’ beach house? My sister and I are going to travel there next week.
Nadine: Are you serious? I’d love to go!
Sheila: I should probably ask my parents first. I’ll call them right now to check.

Use ............................. for possible plans and sudden decisions. Use ........................
for plans.

Necessity or suggestion? Use the following modals: must, need, ‘d better (=had better), ought, have, should (in the affirmative or negative).

1. If you travel to the US, you .............. take your passport.
2. You .............. bring a camera when you visit the Iguazu Falls.
3. You ..............to take your credit card if you want to rent a car.
4. If you travel to another country, you ..............to try the local specialties.
5. You ..............buy a raincoat before you visit the rainforest.
6. You ..............to take your passport if you are from Argentina and visit Brazil.
7. You.............. avoid drinking water. You ..............buy bottled water instead.

* Think of some advice for tourists visiting Argentina, using must, need, ‘d better (=had better), ought, have, should (in the affirmative or negative).

Review Unit 6

* What requests can you make using these verbs and these nouns?

turn off – put away – take off – hang up – take out – let out – turn on – throw out –

your books – those old newspapers – the cat – the stereo – your sweater – the phone – the garbage – the computer – the dog – your jacket – the TV

*Now, make requests to your partner.  He/she answers in a positive manner: Eg.
Ok, I’ll.....
or in a negative way:
Sorry, I can’t...............now.


Review Unit 7

* What do you use this for?
The internet – your cell phone – the DVD player – a pocket calculator – your pendrive


* What are these used for?
satellites – robots – ATM’s – CD’s – computers

Unit 8

A. Complete the following chart with information about Holidays and Celebrations in Argentina. Then, compare with a partner. Can you now add or change anything in your chart? Do you have information that your partner doesn’t have?

Holidays and Celebrations:
Date:
What do we celebrate?
What do we do to celebrate?
Any special food, drink or gifts on this occasion?


Now, which one is your favorite holiday or celebration? Why?

B. Complete the following: In Argentina . . .

January and February are the months . . .
May 1st is the day . . .
August 17 is a day . . .
A girl’s 15th birthday is a time . . .
When people get married, . . .
After a couple has a baby, their friends and family . . .
Before the bride and the groom leave the church, . . .

Unit 9: Time contrasts

Lots of things .................... (change) in technology in the last few years. We .................. (see) many developments since the internet ....................(start). For example, if you ....................(think) about communications, you ....................(understand) it very clearly. Before the Internet, people ....................(write) letters and ....................(use) the landline phones much more often than they ....................(do) nowadays. About twenty years ago, many people ....................(have) the habit of writing letters and they ........................... (spend) a lot of money on telephone calls when their friends and family .................... (be) far. Today, there.................... (be) many computer programs to connect you with friends and family and you .........................  (spend) nothing or almost nothing. And in the future, things ....................(be) even more convenient than today. I predict we ....................(not-need) a machine to communicate with each other. You .................... (think) of a person and it ....................(be) possible to send them a telepathic message.

Put the following time expressions in the right category:

in the last (past) few years - a few years ago – since 1990 - before (there was/were) (the automobile) (shopping malls) (the Internet) - fifty years ago – in the past – next year - nowadays – now – soon – in fifty years – in the future – in the next twenty years - these days – today – for 5 years -

Time expressions that indicate that an action . . .
. . . started in the past and continues now:

. . . is in the past:

. . . is in the present:

. . . is in the future:

Conditional sentences
Right or Wrong?

1. If you eat less, you will feel better.
2. If you will eat less, you feel better.
3. You will feel better if you eat less.
4. You feel better if you will eat less.

Conclusion: in Conditional Sentences, I can use...

If + Simple Present, and ........., ................ or ...................


Review of UNIT 10

A. At Work...Use the following verbs in the correct form and complete with your own information regarding your preferences at work: commute – eat lunch out - make mistakes – talk on the phone – sit in long meetings - solve other people’s problems – study languages - travel – use a computer – work long hours - work on weekends – work with a group or team

I like
I enjoy
I’m good at
I’m interested in
I don’t mind
I really don’t like
I can’t stand
I hate

Now, read your preferences to your partner. Use short responses to agree or disagree

B. Personality traits. What personality traits do you need to be a good professional in your area? What personality traits are really bad if you want to be a good professional in your area? Choose some and explain your answers to a partner.

bad-tempered – creative – critical – disorganized – efficient – forgetful – generous – good-tempered - hardworking – impatient – inefficient - level-headed – moody – organized – patient - punctual – reliable – strict – unreliable –

Review of Unit 11

A. Rewrite, using the words in parenthesis.

1. Woody Allen directed the film “Manhattan”. (by)
2. People in Switzerland speak French, German and Italian. (are)
3. Neruda wrote many beautiful poems. (written)
4. Rice is grown in Korea. (Koreans)

B. Which ones of the original sentences in exercise A were Passive and which ones
Active Voice?

Complete this to explain why:
In Passive Voice, you change the focus of the sentence. The subject / object becomes the subject / object. For example, you say “Don Quixote was written by Cervantes”. Or “My car was manufactured in Germany”. So, we use the Present or............... (or the tense you need) of the verb TO....... and the..................column for the Passive Voice.

Review of UNIT 12
Past Continuous or Simple Past?

1.I ................... (watch) TV last night when I .................. (get) your phone call.
2. While my parents .....................(make) dinner yesterday my brother and I....................
(arrive) unexpectedly.
3. My sister .....................(hear) a big, loud noise downstairs while she .....................(take) a shower alone last night.
4. I .....................(wait) in line at the supermarket when suddenly the cashier ................. (close) and I .....................(have) to move to another, longer line!

Choose the correct option:
In the exercise above, we use Simple Past / Past Continuous for an action in progress in the past; and Simple Past / Past Continuous for a completed action.

Review of Unit 13

Complete, using “that”, “which”, or “who” and adjectives to give your opinion on the following:

Johnny Depp is an actor . . .
Madonna is a singer . . .
“The Lion King” is a movie . . .
“Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone” is a book . . .
Steven Spielberg is a director . . .

Review of Unit 16

Write an example about...

*a request someone made to you recently.  For example:

My doctor: Stop smoking!

Now, put it into reported speech:

My doctor told me TO STOP smoking.

*a statement someone said to you.  For example:

My mother: I’ll arrive on Wednesday at 5pm.

Now, put it into reported speech:

My mother said she would arrive on Wednesday at 5pm.


domingo, 13 de febrero de 2011

REPORTED SPEECH PRACTICE

ARGENTINE CELEBRITIES 
Who said it?




1.My vote is not positive.
2.It can fail.
3.They say that I’m boring.
4.Don’t stain the ball.
5.Sleep without a blanket.
6.We have to try not to steal for, at least, two years.
7.I am a virgin.
8.Don’t touch the button.
9.I ask what people want to know.
10.It’s better to eat pork sometimes and not take Viagra.

a.Cristina F. de Kirchner   b.Fernando de la Rúa   c.Wanda Nara   d.Tu Sam   e.Maradona   f.Mirtha Legrand.   g.Julio Cobos   h.Alberto Olmedo   i.Luis Barrionuevo  j.Carlitos Balá




What American president said this? Guess!

Bill Clinton – Ronald Reagan – John F. Kennedy – George Bush (senior) – George Bush (junior) – Richard Nixon –




1. Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.

2. Read my lips: no more taxes.

2. I did not have sex with that woman, Monica Lewinsky.

3. Every nation in every region now has a decision to make. Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists.

4. I never drink coffee at lunch. I find it keeps me awake for the afternoon.

5. When the President does it, that means that it's not illegal.





Now, put the quotes in the two exercises above into reported speech.

domingo, 17 de octubre de 2010

RESUMEN GRAMATICAL: THE FUTURE


RESUMEN GRAMATICAL: THE FUTURE
Material elaborado por la Prof. Viviana Giménez ©
En Unit 5, se comparan dos futuros: BE GOING TO and WILL.

Mirá los siguientes ejemplos:

1.Next month I’m going to travel to the beach with some friends.

2.Next month? I don’t know...Maybe I’ll work around the house. I probably won’t have much money to travel. I guess I’ll just stay home.

3.Are you inviting me to go with you to the beach? Great! I’ll take my new bathing suit!

¿Cuál es el uso del tiempo futuro en cada caso?
En el primero, parece que el hablante tiene un plan. También podría haberlo expresado con Present Continuous (que puede usarse para futuro): “Next month I’m traveling to the beach with some friends” (el referente temporal, “next month”, dejaría aclarado que el uso de Present Continuous es para una acción futura, no para una acción que está ocurriendo ahora.
En el ejemplo 2, el hablante no está seguro de sus planes para el futuro. Entonces opta por usar “will”. Pero no es sólo el uso de “will” lo que indica que todavía no ha tomado una decisión con respecto a esas acciones futuras: ese “will” está acompañado por frases o palabras que indica poca certeza (“I don’t know”, “maybe”, “probably”, “I guess”).
En el ejemplo 3, en la última oración, el hablante toma una decisión repentina (“sudden decision”), en ese momento. Por eso el uso de “will”. Entonces, además del uso explicado en el libro (Grammar Focus, p.31), está este otro (“sudden decision”; decisión del momento), que se ve ejemplificado en el diálogo de p.30 cuando Nancy dice “I’ll bring my surfoard”. También se ve este uso en el diálogo de p.22, cuando Steve y Kathy piden platos en un restaurante (“I’ll have a small order of the snails, please”). Y en Unit 6, cuando en el diálogo de p.36 Jason decide hacer lo que su padre le pide (“Ok, I’ll turn it down”).

Future: Predictions

En Unit 9, cuando se comparan pasados, presentes y futuros, vemos los ejemplos de futuro similares a los siguientes:

Soon, people will drive electric cars.
In ten years, people are going to exercise less.
In the future, they might build cities in space.

Cualquiera de estas tres formas nos sirven para hacer predicciones acerca del futuro. En el último ejemplo, parece haber un poquito menos de certeza que en los primeros dos.

Reported Speech

Finalmente, en Unit 16, vimos que la información que en un diálogo esté en futuro, podría pasar a las siguientes formas en Reported Speech (discurso indirecto, o sea, contar el diálogo a otro).

“I will be very busy all week”, said Mike.
Mike said (that) he would be busy all week.

“I am going to work on my project tomorrow”, said Martin.
Martin said (that) he was going to work on his project tomorrow.

“They are having dinner with their parents tonight”, said Liz.
Liz said (that) they were having dinner with their parents tonight.

viernes, 15 de octubre de 2010

RESUMEN GRAMATICAL: EL PASADO


Resumen gramatical: USOS DEL PASADO

Material elaborado por la Prof. Viviana Giménez ©
Estos resúmenes apuntan a resumir y ejemplificar puntos gramaticales que se encuentran en Interchange 2.

USOS DEL PASADO

En cursos anteriores, ya habían visto el pasado del verbo TO BE (was-were, el único con formas del pasado), de verbos regulares (-ED) y algunos irregulares (take-took; come-came; eat-ate, etc; o sea, la segunda columna). Aquí, en Unit 1, se repasan esas formas (ps. 1-4), y se agrega otra forma de expresar pasado: USED TO + INFINITIVE.
Para tratar de entenderla, primero pensá cómo se diría esto en castellano:

I went to Mar del Plata.

En nuestro idioma, esta oración podría traducirse como “Iba a Mar del Plata” o “Fui a Mar del Plata”. Habría que ver en qué contexto está para saber si se trata de una acción habitual en el pasado, o de una vez. ¿Qué pasaría, en cambio, si se dijera de esta manera?

I used to go to Mar del Plata.

En el ejemplo anterior, la habitualidad de la acción se vería en el contexto. Habría que aclarar: “I went to Mar del Plata every summer”, por ejemplo. En cambio, si usamos “used to” ya estamos dando la idea de acción habitual en el pasado, sin agregar nada más. Sería como decir “Iba a Mar del Plata” o “Solía ir a Mar del Plata”.

NOTA: recordar que used to + infinitive se usa sólo para acción habitual en el pasado. No puede usarse en presente para decir “Suelo ir a Mar del Plata”, por ejemplo. Entonces, ¿cómo se diría eso en inglés?


Exactamente. Se diría, por ejemplo, “I usually go to Mar del Plata”. Usaríamos un adverbio de frecuencia (usually) para reforzar esa idea de acción habitual en presente (y digo “reforzar” porque ya el Simple Present me indica que la acción es habitual).

USED TO, entonces, funciona como cualquier otro verbo regular en el pasado, en el sentido que, si tengo que hacer una pregunta, será:
Did you use to play with dolls when you were a little girl?
Y en negativo:
I didn’t use to go away on vacations when I was a kid.

NOTA: es decir, se usaría “use” y no “used” en presencia de “did” (auxiliar de pregunta y negación).

WISH + SIMPLE PAST

Normalmente decimos que usamos SIMPLE PAST para acciones terminadas en el pasado, en un tiempo terminado en el pasado. Sin embargo...¿qué pasa en el siguiente ejemplo?

I don’t like my house. I wish I lived in a more convenient place.

Vimos que usamos “wish” para expresar un deseo. Puede traducirse como el verbo “desear”, aunque aquí sería más bien un “ojalá”. El ejemplo de arriba nos habla de una disconformidad con la casa, y un deseo de un lugar más conveniente (en el sentido de “cómodo”):

“No me gusta mi casa. Ojalá viviera en un lugar más cómodo”.

Se expresa un deseo acerca de una situación actual. Pero como es justamente eso (un deseo), lo expresamos con wish+simple past. La estructura es wish+sujeto+simple past.

I wish I had a better job. (Ojalá tuviera un trabajo mejor)
I wish life were easier*. (Ojalá la vida fuera más fácil).

*Vimos que, si con esta estructura, tuviéramos que usar el pasado de TO BE, esa forma sería WERE para todas las personas.

Tener en cuenta también que usamos esta estructura para hablar de deseos en el presente, y no de lo que nos gustaría hacer en un futuro. Por ejemplo, no diríamos

I wish I got a good job when I graduate.

Sino:

I would like to get a good job when I graduate.


SIMPLE PAST en contraste con PRESENT PERFECT

Andy: Have you ever eaten at Rodizio’s?
Jess: Yes, I have.
Andy: Did you like it?
Jess: Yes, I did. I went there last month. I ate excellent barbecue and great salads!

¿Por qué usamos Present Perfect en la primera pregunta?


No se pregunta sobre un momento específico. “Ever”, “alguna vez”, es un tiempo abierto, amplio: desde que naciste hasta el momento en que hablamos. En esos casos, utilizamos PRESENT PERFECT en inglés.

¿Por qué Andy cambia el tiempo en su segunda pregunta, y usa SIMPLE PAST?


Como la respuesta a su primera pregunta fue afirmativa, Andy ahora pregunta por esa vez en que Jess fue a ese lugar. Y Jess responde sobre esa vez “last month”, el mes pasado. Jess está hablando sobre esas acciones terminadas en un tiempo pasado determinado (y terminado): “went”, “ate”.

TIME CONTRASTS: the SIMPLE PAST in Unit 9

En esta unidad, en la que se compara el uso de pasados, presentes y futuros, nos concentramos en indicadores temporales. ¿Qué quiere decir esto? Hay palabras o frases que nos indican el tiempo. En cuanto al pasado, hay indicadores de un tiempo pasado terminado; y por eso necesitamos SIMPLE PAST. Por ejemplo:

A few years ago (hace unos años): cualquier cantidad de años, usada con “ago”, nos va a indicar un tiempo pasado y terminado. Es decir, podría ser necesario un uso de SIMPLE PAST (podría haber algún caso en que se usara PAST CONTINUOUS –pasado al fin-, pero a eso volveremos luego).
Before ( “before the automobile”, “before the Internet”, “before there were supermarkets), etc.): Antes. O “antes de...”, nos va a indicar que la acción es pasada.
Otros:
In the past
O alguna referencia a un tiempo anterior. Por ejemplo: When we were kids, . . . (lo que siga estará en pasado, si empiezo diciendo: “Cuando éramos chicos....”).

SIMPLE PAST in PASSIVE VOICE

Vimos que los dos pasados del verbo TO BE son: WAS (pasado de AM, IS), WERE (pasado de ARE). En Unit 11, lo vemos acompañado del verbo de la tercera columna (PAST PARTICIPLE). ¿Qué es eso? Passive Voice. ¿Por qué?
Fijate en los ejemplos de abajo:

Machu Picchu was built around 1400 A.D.

The Incas built Machu Picchu around 1400 A.D.

Normalmente, el sujeto (suele estar al principio de la oración en inglés) hace la acción expresada por el verbo. ¿Qué hizo Machu Picchu en el primer ejemplo? Nada. Fue construido. Entonces, si no hizo nada, es pasivo. Pero es el sujeto (pasivo) de esa oración, porque el verbo (WAS) concuerda con ese sujeto.
¿Por qué se usa la voz pasiva?
Puede haber varias razones. En el ejemplo de arriba, puede ser que:
- nos interese poner en primer lugar a la obra de la que se está hablando, y no a su autor
- nos parezca evidente que quienes construyeron Machu Picchu son los Incas y por eso nos parece innecesario mencionarlos
- luego mencionemos, pero en un segundo plano (hacia el final), a quienes lo construyeron. En ese caso, usamos “by”+the Incas (lo que en castellano sería “por”+los Incas.
En el segundo ejemplo, The Incas es el sujeto, y como éste realiza la acción del verbo (built), es un sujeto activo (Active Voice). En el caso de estos dos ejemplos, casualmente “build” tiene a “built” como simple past (2da. Columna) y past participle (3era. Columna). Pero no confundir: en ambos casos hablamos de una acción pasada. La única diferencia es el foco que ponemos en la obra (Machu Picchu) o sus constructores (The Incas).

SIMPLE PAST vs. PAST CONTINUOUS

En Unit 12, vemos cómo pueden combinarse SIMPLE PAST y PAST CONTINUOUS (was / were + -ing). Por ejemplo:

Last night I was taking a shower when the phone rang.

While I was preparing dinner yesterday, my husband arrived.

It started to rain this morning when I was leaving for work.

¿Qué diferencia ves en el uso de simple past en comparación con past continuous?
Primero, las similitudes: en ambos casos hablamos de acciones pasadas, en un tiempo pasado. Para el momento en que hablamos, ambas acciones están terminadas. Pero observamos que una acción estaba sucediendo (PAST CONTINUOUS) cuando la otra ocurrió. En la primera (Anoche me duchaba / estaba duchando cuando sonó el teléfono) puede ser inclusive que la acción expresada por el SIMPLE PAST haya interrumpido la acción que se describe en PAST CONTINUOUS. Pero no necesariamente. Tal vez en el segundo ejemplo (Mientras preparaba la cena anoche, llegó mi esposo), la acción de preparar la cena haya continuado. Pero se quiere significar que estaba ocurriendo cuando pasó la acción expresada en SIMPLE PAST.
Como se observa en el tercer ejemplo (Empezó a llover esta mañana cuando salía para el trabajo), no importa en el orden en que se ubique la frase con SIMPLE PAST. Según la importancia que el hablante quiera darle a cada acción, la pondrá primero o después.
No pensar que esta es la única combinación posible. Puede darse también una combinación de dos verbos en PAST CONTINUOUS, si las acciones estaban ocurriendo simultáneamente en el pasado. Por ejemplo:

I was listening to music while I was running around the park.

O puede haber varios verbos en SIMPLE PAST porque se habla de acciones consecutivas:

I got up, I got dressed, I had breakfast and then I went to work.

SIMPLE PAST in REPORTED SPEECH

En Unit 16, vimos SIMPLE PAST en ejemplos como los siguientes:

My mother told me to be home by 7 o’clock.

My doctor said to eat more fruits and vegetables.

My friend asked me to stay calm.


Aquí, en los tres casos, estamos contando lo que otras personas nos pidieron que hiciéramos. Como estamos hablando de cosas que nos dijeron en el pasado, usamos REPORTING VERBS (verbos que nos permiten contar lo que otros dijeron) en SIMPLE PAST:
Tell – told
Say – said
Ask – asked

En los ejemplos de arriba, los únicos verbos que van en pasado son los REPORTING VERBS, ya que estamos contando pedidos que nos hicieron (y a esos pedidos los contamos con INFINITIVE). Pero si hablamos de cosas que otras personas dijeron en presente, al contarlas usando REPORTING VERBS en pasado, esos verbos que en el discurso directo se dijeron en presente, pasarán al pasado. Por ejemplo:

“I am fine”, Sally said.
Sally said (that) she was fine.

“I am working”, Peter said.
Peter told me (that) he was working.

“I go to class every day”, Lisa said.
Lisa said (that) she went to class every day.

“I can speak English really well”, Ruth said.
Ruth said to me (that) she could speak English really well.

Las palabras entre comillas son el discurso directo, es decir, las palabras textuales que Sally, Peter, Lisa y Ruth dijeron. Cuando empezamos la frase con “Sally said”, “Peter said”, etc, contamos lo que dijeron. Si eso que dijeron estaba en presente, lo pasamos al pasado (Simple o Continuous, según el caso) al contarlo si usamos REPORTING VERBS en pasado, como en estos casos.


Common mistakes / Errores comunes

En la siguiente lista verás algunos errores comunes que los alumnos de inglés cometen con los usos de Simple Past que vemos en este nivel. Tratá de corregir los errores. Las respuestas están al final del ejercicio.

1.When I was young, I used to listened to rock music.
2. Now I use to listen to pop music.
3.I didn’t went to the beach in the summer.
4.Did you liked classical music when you were young?
5.I wish wrote better in English.
6.She wish she had a nicer car.
7.My parents wish they have a big house.
8.Have you ever went to the mountain?
9.I have eaten there last night.
10.Before the automobile, people ride bicycles.
11.Last year, I celebrate my birthday in a restaurant.
12. “Avatar” and “Titanic” was directed by James Cameron.
13.Did you were here yesterday?
14.“Rayuela” was wrote by Julio Cortázar.
15.She say not to smoke.
16.He told me he is sick yesterday.
17.He said to me that he come home late.


ANSWERS
1.When I was young, I used to listen to rock music.
2.Now I usually listen to pop music.
3.I didn’t go to the beach in the summer.
4.Did you like classical music when you were young?
5.I wish I wrote better in English.
6.She wishes she had a nicer car.
7.My parents wish they had a big house.
8.Have you ever gone to the mountain?
9.I ate there last night.
10.Before the automobile, people rode bicycles.
11.Last year, I celebrated my birthday in a restaurant.
12.“Avatar” and “Titanic” were directed by James Cameron.
13.Were you here yesterday?
14.“Rayuela” was written by Julio Cortázar.
15.She said not to smoke.
16.He told me he was sick yesterday.
17.He said to me that he came home late.