viernes, 15 de octubre de 2010

RESUMEN GRAMATICAL: EL PASADO


Resumen gramatical: USOS DEL PASADO

Material elaborado por la Prof. Viviana Giménez ©
Estos resúmenes apuntan a resumir y ejemplificar puntos gramaticales que se encuentran en Interchange 2.

USOS DEL PASADO

En cursos anteriores, ya habían visto el pasado del verbo TO BE (was-were, el único con formas del pasado), de verbos regulares (-ED) y algunos irregulares (take-took; come-came; eat-ate, etc; o sea, la segunda columna). Aquí, en Unit 1, se repasan esas formas (ps. 1-4), y se agrega otra forma de expresar pasado: USED TO + INFINITIVE.
Para tratar de entenderla, primero pensá cómo se diría esto en castellano:

I went to Mar del Plata.

En nuestro idioma, esta oración podría traducirse como “Iba a Mar del Plata” o “Fui a Mar del Plata”. Habría que ver en qué contexto está para saber si se trata de una acción habitual en el pasado, o de una vez. ¿Qué pasaría, en cambio, si se dijera de esta manera?

I used to go to Mar del Plata.

En el ejemplo anterior, la habitualidad de la acción se vería en el contexto. Habría que aclarar: “I went to Mar del Plata every summer”, por ejemplo. En cambio, si usamos “used to” ya estamos dando la idea de acción habitual en el pasado, sin agregar nada más. Sería como decir “Iba a Mar del Plata” o “Solía ir a Mar del Plata”.

NOTA: recordar que used to + infinitive se usa sólo para acción habitual en el pasado. No puede usarse en presente para decir “Suelo ir a Mar del Plata”, por ejemplo. Entonces, ¿cómo se diría eso en inglés?


Exactamente. Se diría, por ejemplo, “I usually go to Mar del Plata”. Usaríamos un adverbio de frecuencia (usually) para reforzar esa idea de acción habitual en presente (y digo “reforzar” porque ya el Simple Present me indica que la acción es habitual).

USED TO, entonces, funciona como cualquier otro verbo regular en el pasado, en el sentido que, si tengo que hacer una pregunta, será:
Did you use to play with dolls when you were a little girl?
Y en negativo:
I didn’t use to go away on vacations when I was a kid.

NOTA: es decir, se usaría “use” y no “used” en presencia de “did” (auxiliar de pregunta y negación).

WISH + SIMPLE PAST

Normalmente decimos que usamos SIMPLE PAST para acciones terminadas en el pasado, en un tiempo terminado en el pasado. Sin embargo...¿qué pasa en el siguiente ejemplo?

I don’t like my house. I wish I lived in a more convenient place.

Vimos que usamos “wish” para expresar un deseo. Puede traducirse como el verbo “desear”, aunque aquí sería más bien un “ojalá”. El ejemplo de arriba nos habla de una disconformidad con la casa, y un deseo de un lugar más conveniente (en el sentido de “cómodo”):

“No me gusta mi casa. Ojalá viviera en un lugar más cómodo”.

Se expresa un deseo acerca de una situación actual. Pero como es justamente eso (un deseo), lo expresamos con wish+simple past. La estructura es wish+sujeto+simple past.

I wish I had a better job. (Ojalá tuviera un trabajo mejor)
I wish life were easier*. (Ojalá la vida fuera más fácil).

*Vimos que, si con esta estructura, tuviéramos que usar el pasado de TO BE, esa forma sería WERE para todas las personas.

Tener en cuenta también que usamos esta estructura para hablar de deseos en el presente, y no de lo que nos gustaría hacer en un futuro. Por ejemplo, no diríamos

I wish I got a good job when I graduate.

Sino:

I would like to get a good job when I graduate.


SIMPLE PAST en contraste con PRESENT PERFECT

Andy: Have you ever eaten at Rodizio’s?
Jess: Yes, I have.
Andy: Did you like it?
Jess: Yes, I did. I went there last month. I ate excellent barbecue and great salads!

¿Por qué usamos Present Perfect en la primera pregunta?


No se pregunta sobre un momento específico. “Ever”, “alguna vez”, es un tiempo abierto, amplio: desde que naciste hasta el momento en que hablamos. En esos casos, utilizamos PRESENT PERFECT en inglés.

¿Por qué Andy cambia el tiempo en su segunda pregunta, y usa SIMPLE PAST?


Como la respuesta a su primera pregunta fue afirmativa, Andy ahora pregunta por esa vez en que Jess fue a ese lugar. Y Jess responde sobre esa vez “last month”, el mes pasado. Jess está hablando sobre esas acciones terminadas en un tiempo pasado determinado (y terminado): “went”, “ate”.

TIME CONTRASTS: the SIMPLE PAST in Unit 9

En esta unidad, en la que se compara el uso de pasados, presentes y futuros, nos concentramos en indicadores temporales. ¿Qué quiere decir esto? Hay palabras o frases que nos indican el tiempo. En cuanto al pasado, hay indicadores de un tiempo pasado terminado; y por eso necesitamos SIMPLE PAST. Por ejemplo:

A few years ago (hace unos años): cualquier cantidad de años, usada con “ago”, nos va a indicar un tiempo pasado y terminado. Es decir, podría ser necesario un uso de SIMPLE PAST (podría haber algún caso en que se usara PAST CONTINUOUS –pasado al fin-, pero a eso volveremos luego).
Before ( “before the automobile”, “before the Internet”, “before there were supermarkets), etc.): Antes. O “antes de...”, nos va a indicar que la acción es pasada.
Otros:
In the past
O alguna referencia a un tiempo anterior. Por ejemplo: When we were kids, . . . (lo que siga estará en pasado, si empiezo diciendo: “Cuando éramos chicos....”).

SIMPLE PAST in PASSIVE VOICE

Vimos que los dos pasados del verbo TO BE son: WAS (pasado de AM, IS), WERE (pasado de ARE). En Unit 11, lo vemos acompañado del verbo de la tercera columna (PAST PARTICIPLE). ¿Qué es eso? Passive Voice. ¿Por qué?
Fijate en los ejemplos de abajo:

Machu Picchu was built around 1400 A.D.

The Incas built Machu Picchu around 1400 A.D.

Normalmente, el sujeto (suele estar al principio de la oración en inglés) hace la acción expresada por el verbo. ¿Qué hizo Machu Picchu en el primer ejemplo? Nada. Fue construido. Entonces, si no hizo nada, es pasivo. Pero es el sujeto (pasivo) de esa oración, porque el verbo (WAS) concuerda con ese sujeto.
¿Por qué se usa la voz pasiva?
Puede haber varias razones. En el ejemplo de arriba, puede ser que:
- nos interese poner en primer lugar a la obra de la que se está hablando, y no a su autor
- nos parezca evidente que quienes construyeron Machu Picchu son los Incas y por eso nos parece innecesario mencionarlos
- luego mencionemos, pero en un segundo plano (hacia el final), a quienes lo construyeron. En ese caso, usamos “by”+the Incas (lo que en castellano sería “por”+los Incas.
En el segundo ejemplo, The Incas es el sujeto, y como éste realiza la acción del verbo (built), es un sujeto activo (Active Voice). En el caso de estos dos ejemplos, casualmente “build” tiene a “built” como simple past (2da. Columna) y past participle (3era. Columna). Pero no confundir: en ambos casos hablamos de una acción pasada. La única diferencia es el foco que ponemos en la obra (Machu Picchu) o sus constructores (The Incas).

SIMPLE PAST vs. PAST CONTINUOUS

En Unit 12, vemos cómo pueden combinarse SIMPLE PAST y PAST CONTINUOUS (was / were + -ing). Por ejemplo:

Last night I was taking a shower when the phone rang.

While I was preparing dinner yesterday, my husband arrived.

It started to rain this morning when I was leaving for work.

¿Qué diferencia ves en el uso de simple past en comparación con past continuous?
Primero, las similitudes: en ambos casos hablamos de acciones pasadas, en un tiempo pasado. Para el momento en que hablamos, ambas acciones están terminadas. Pero observamos que una acción estaba sucediendo (PAST CONTINUOUS) cuando la otra ocurrió. En la primera (Anoche me duchaba / estaba duchando cuando sonó el teléfono) puede ser inclusive que la acción expresada por el SIMPLE PAST haya interrumpido la acción que se describe en PAST CONTINUOUS. Pero no necesariamente. Tal vez en el segundo ejemplo (Mientras preparaba la cena anoche, llegó mi esposo), la acción de preparar la cena haya continuado. Pero se quiere significar que estaba ocurriendo cuando pasó la acción expresada en SIMPLE PAST.
Como se observa en el tercer ejemplo (Empezó a llover esta mañana cuando salía para el trabajo), no importa en el orden en que se ubique la frase con SIMPLE PAST. Según la importancia que el hablante quiera darle a cada acción, la pondrá primero o después.
No pensar que esta es la única combinación posible. Puede darse también una combinación de dos verbos en PAST CONTINUOUS, si las acciones estaban ocurriendo simultáneamente en el pasado. Por ejemplo:

I was listening to music while I was running around the park.

O puede haber varios verbos en SIMPLE PAST porque se habla de acciones consecutivas:

I got up, I got dressed, I had breakfast and then I went to work.

SIMPLE PAST in REPORTED SPEECH

En Unit 16, vimos SIMPLE PAST en ejemplos como los siguientes:

My mother told me to be home by 7 o’clock.

My doctor said to eat more fruits and vegetables.

My friend asked me to stay calm.


Aquí, en los tres casos, estamos contando lo que otras personas nos pidieron que hiciéramos. Como estamos hablando de cosas que nos dijeron en el pasado, usamos REPORTING VERBS (verbos que nos permiten contar lo que otros dijeron) en SIMPLE PAST:
Tell – told
Say – said
Ask – asked

En los ejemplos de arriba, los únicos verbos que van en pasado son los REPORTING VERBS, ya que estamos contando pedidos que nos hicieron (y a esos pedidos los contamos con INFINITIVE). Pero si hablamos de cosas que otras personas dijeron en presente, al contarlas usando REPORTING VERBS en pasado, esos verbos que en el discurso directo se dijeron en presente, pasarán al pasado. Por ejemplo:

“I am fine”, Sally said.
Sally said (that) she was fine.

“I am working”, Peter said.
Peter told me (that) he was working.

“I go to class every day”, Lisa said.
Lisa said (that) she went to class every day.

“I can speak English really well”, Ruth said.
Ruth said to me (that) she could speak English really well.

Las palabras entre comillas son el discurso directo, es decir, las palabras textuales que Sally, Peter, Lisa y Ruth dijeron. Cuando empezamos la frase con “Sally said”, “Peter said”, etc, contamos lo que dijeron. Si eso que dijeron estaba en presente, lo pasamos al pasado (Simple o Continuous, según el caso) al contarlo si usamos REPORTING VERBS en pasado, como en estos casos.


Common mistakes / Errores comunes

En la siguiente lista verás algunos errores comunes que los alumnos de inglés cometen con los usos de Simple Past que vemos en este nivel. Tratá de corregir los errores. Las respuestas están al final del ejercicio.

1.When I was young, I used to listened to rock music.
2. Now I use to listen to pop music.
3.I didn’t went to the beach in the summer.
4.Did you liked classical music when you were young?
5.I wish wrote better in English.
6.She wish she had a nicer car.
7.My parents wish they have a big house.
8.Have you ever went to the mountain?
9.I have eaten there last night.
10.Before the automobile, people ride bicycles.
11.Last year, I celebrate my birthday in a restaurant.
12. “Avatar” and “Titanic” was directed by James Cameron.
13.Did you were here yesterday?
14.“Rayuela” was wrote by Julio Cortázar.
15.She say not to smoke.
16.He told me he is sick yesterday.
17.He said to me that he come home late.


ANSWERS
1.When I was young, I used to listen to rock music.
2.Now I usually listen to pop music.
3.I didn’t go to the beach in the summer.
4.Did you like classical music when you were young?
5.I wish I wrote better in English.
6.She wishes she had a nicer car.
7.My parents wish they had a big house.
8.Have you ever gone to the mountain?
9.I ate there last night.
10.Before the automobile, people rode bicycles.
11.Last year, I celebrated my birthday in a restaurant.
12.“Avatar” and “Titanic” were directed by James Cameron.
13.Were you here yesterday?
14.“Rayuela” was written by Julio Cortázar.
15.She said not to smoke.
16.He told me he was sick yesterday.
17.He said to me that he came home late.

miércoles, 29 de septiembre de 2010

PEARLS OF WISDOM, Extra Work (Optional)


PEARLS OF WISDOM

Material elaborado por la Profesora Viviana Giménez ©

A.The following proverbs are “vox populi”. Maybe you’ve heard them before. If you think you know them, try to complete what is missing. Find the answers below.

1.Time is . . .
2.The show must . . .
3.What goes up . . .
4.Business is . . .

B.The following proverbs are similar in Spanish. Think about them. Can you complete these sentences?

1.Lucky at cards, . . .
2. ................. is a lottery.
3.Tomorrow is another ................
4.Opportunity makes................
5.Every man has his...................
6.The customer is always...................
7.Extremes...............

C. According to the text you read in class, people use proverbs to:
a) give advice
b) give a warning
c) teach a lesson
d) express a common truth

What are the uses in the following proverbs? Later, match them with the explanation of their meanings below:


1.Four eyes see more than one.
2.When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
3.If you can’t be good, be careful.
4.Experience is the father of wisdom



A.Two people can help each other to find what they are looking for.
B.Try to exercise caution if you cannot behave.
C.If you are elsewhere, live as they do there.
D.What you know makes you wise.

ANSWERS:
A.
1.Time is money.
2.The show must go on.
3.What goes up must come down.
4.Business is business.

B.
1.Lucky at cards, unlucky in love.
2. Marriage is a lottery.
3.Tomorrow is another day.
4.Opportunity makes the thief.
5.Every man has his price.
6.The customer is always right.

C.
1.Four eyes see more than one. d / A
2.When in Rome, do as the Romans do. a /C
3.If you can’t be good, be careful. b / B
4.Experience is the father of wisdom c / D

lunes, 27 de septiembre de 2010

CHILD PRODIGIES, Extra practice (optional)




CHILD PRODIGIES

(para los links: si no funcionan, copiar y pegar)

SARAH CHANG, VIOLINIST

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4hvN0X92K4k
Watch Sarah Chang playing the violin: Presto (Summer) from Vivaldi's Four Seasons

Read this interview with Sarah Chang http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2007/nov/20/classicalmusicandopera1
and answer the questions. You will find the answers below:

1. Why did Sarah ask her parents for a violin and not a piano for her fourth birthday?
2. How old was Sarah when she realized she was extraordinary talented?
3. Does Sarah like fashion?
4. What does Sarah think about the Internet and music?
5. What’s her biggest frustration?
6. Does Sarah usually read her reviews?
7. When and where was she born?
8. How old was she when she recorded for the first time?

ANSWERS:
1. Why did Sarah ask her parents for a violin and not a piano for her fourth birthday?
She wanted something she could carry around with her.
2. How old was Sarah when she realized she was extraordinary talented?
At 5, when she auditioned for the Juilliard School of Music in New York City, where everyone else was at least 8 years older than her.
3. Does Sarah like fashion?
She loves fashion.
4. What does Sarah think about the Internet and music?
She thinks the Internet is a threat (amenaza) to music, because it provides instantanous entertainment. For her, it’s much better to go to a concert and have a live sensory experience.
5. What’s her biggest frustration?
She missed a lot of parties when she was a teenager. Her adolescence was a confusing time, because she wasn’t a child prodigy anymore, but she wasn’t an adult either.
6. Does Sarah usually read her reviews?
She rarely reads them.
7. When and where was she born?
She was born in Philadelphia in 1980.
8. How old was she when she recorded for the first time?
She was 9. She became the youngest violinist ever to record

MICHAEL KEARNEY, COLLEGE GRADUATE

Read this article about Michael Kearney’s life. Then, answer the question below:
http://americansocietylife.com/michael-kearney-child-prodigy

What are amazing things mentioned here and not in the text we read in class?


ANSWERS:

Answers may vary. Some possibilities:

Michael was born in January 18, 1984, in Paterson, (New Jersey, USA)
He was diagnosed with ADD (Attention Deficit Disorder) and his parents decided not to use the offered prescription of Ritalin.
At the age of six months, he said to his pediatrician “I have a left ear infection”.
He finished high-school at age six.
He has diplomas in anthropology, biochemistry and computer science.
His younger sister, Maeghan, is also a child prodigy.
Michael was a contestant on the TV show “Who Wants to be a Millionaire”


ALEXANDRA NECHITA, ARTIST

http://www.alexandranechitagalleries.com/
At this site, you can have a look at Alexandra Nechita’s paintings. Also, you can read the information to complete the sentences below with the correct numbers (answers below):

1. Her first art exhibit was in . . . , when she was . . . years old.
2. She has painted more than . . . paintings.
3. At . . . she began working in pen and ink.
4. When she was . . . , she started using watercolors.
5. At . . . she was using oils and acrylics.
6. She has sold for over . . . dollars.
7. At . . . , she was compared to Picasso and Matisse.


ANSWERS:

1. Her first art exhibit was in 1994, when she was 8 years old.
2. She has painted more than 300 paintings.
3. At 2 she began working in pen and ink.
4. When she was 5 , she started using watercolors.
5. At 7 she was using oils and acrylics.
6. She has sold for over 1 million dollars.
7. At 12, she was compared to Picasso and Matisse.

sábado, 25 de septiembre de 2010

The Magic of Harry Potter, Extra Work (Optional)


Harry Potter’s creator, J.K.Rowling
This exercise has been made by Prof. Viviana Giménez ©

Watch the video segment (3:14) and do the Multiple Choice below. At the bottom of the page you will find the answers. (si no funciona, copiar y pegar link)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eamuY9KrIDE



1. What is J.K.Rowling’s first name?
a. Joanne
b. Joanna
c. Josephine
2. Just down the road from where she lived as a child, there was a
a. boy named Harry
b. family named Potter
c. school named Hogwart
3. Her family later moved near ....................., where she used to take long walks by herself.
a. the beach
b. a park
c. a forest
4. When she was a child, she had
a. no friends
b. few friends
c. many friends
5. When she graduated from college
a. she had many jobs
b. she started working as a writer
c. she had no job
6. There was only one thing she really wanted to do: be
a. a teacher
b. a writer
c. an artist
7. She had the idea for Harry Potter while she was
a. traveling by train
b. sleeping
c. at work
8. At that moment, she had no paper or pen, so
a. she forgot about the original idea
b. she memorized everything
c. borrowed paper and a pen
9. She started writing
a. the next day
b. the next year
c. that same night
10. In her head, she had
a. the first book
b. the first two books
c. all seven books in the series
11. There was someone’s death that made a great impact in her writing:
a. her sister’s
b. her mother’s
c. a friend’s
12. After her divorce, she had no money and wrote
a. in a park
b. on the street
c. in a café
13. At first, ............. publishers rejected (=didn’t accept) her manuscript
a. 2
b. 12
c. 20
14. Finally, they offered her
a. $400
b. $4,000
c. $40,000
15. And they said to her she was
a. going to make a fortune writing children’s books
b. not going to make money writing children’s books
c. it was difficult to say if there was any money in children’s books


ANSWERS

1. What is J.K.Rowling’s first name?
a. Joanne
2. Just down the road from where she lived as a child, there was a
b. family named Potter
3. Her family later moved near ....................., where she used to take long walks by herself.
c. a forest
4. When she was a child, she had
b. few friends
5. When she graduated from college
a. she had many jobs
6. There was only one thing she really wanted to do: be
b. a writer
7. She had the idea for Harry Potter while she was
a. traveling by train
8. At that moment, she had no paper or pen, so
b. she memorized everything
9. She started writing
c. that same night
10. In her head, she had
c. all seven books in the series
11. There was someone’s death that made a great impact in her writing:
b. her mother’s
12. After her divorce, she had no money and wrote
c. in a café
13. At first, ............. publishers rejected (=didn’t accept) her manuscript
b. 12
14. Finally, they offered her
b. $4,000
15. And they said to her she was
b. not going to make money writing children’s books







Workbook Answers, Unit 14